ارتباط اجتماعی یکی از مشکلات اساسی کودکان دارای شرایط اوتیسم است. استفادهی همزمان از رویکردهای رفتاری و رویکردهای مبتنی بر مبانی رشدی کودک میتواند باعث بهبود تعاملات اجتماعی در این کودکان شود. رویکرد رشدی در مدلهای آموزشی مانند و سان رایز و فلورتایم دنبال میشود.
رویکرد رشدی بر این فرض استوار است که کودکان بدون توجه به تواناییهایشان، مراحل رشدی یکسانی را میگذرانند و ارتباط هیجانی بین آنها و والدینشان نقش بسیار مهمی بر پیشرفت آنها دارد. مدل رشدی اهمیت زیادی به آغازگری کودک در تعامل اجتماعی میدهد و با فراهم کردن بافتی برای یادگیری، بر روی جهتگیری اجتماعی و تواناییهای ارتباطی – اجتماعی کودک (درگیر کردن اجتماعی) تمرکز بیشتری میکند و میکوشد رفتار های هدف را با تهیهی ابزار و فعالیتهای مناسب سن کودک و همچنین با دادن بازخوردهای طبیعی (مانند خندیدن، نوازش کردن، دنبال کردن، و تقلید کردن) در محیط طبیعی افزایش دهد. در مدل رشدی با فراهم کردن یک اتاق بازی، که ابزارهای متناسب با سن رشدی کودک مانند توپ، ماشین، عروسک، پازل، قطار، سه چرخه، تصاویر وسایل، تصاویر اعضای خانواده، مکعبهایی با رنگهای مختلف، میز و صندلی، و بسیاری از وسایل دیگر درمانگر (والد و متخصص) به بازی و تقلید از کودک میپردازد. نکتهی مهم در این رویکرد این است که درمانگر هیچگاه کودک را مجبور به فعالیت نمیکند بلکه منتظر آغازگری کودک میماندحتی اگر زمان زیادی ببرد (این نکته به ویژه در کودکان زیر ۵ سال بسیار مهم است). بعد از شروع یک فعالیت توسط کودک ، درمانگر با تقلید، تشویق هیجانی، ارتباط کودک با وسایل را هدفمند میکند. در این مدل ابتدا فقط فعالیتهای مورد علاقهی کودک پیگیری و هدفمند میشود، توجه دو نفره یا ۳ نفره (با هم نگاه کردن یا با هم فعالیت کردن) یکی از فعالیت های بسیار مهم است، کودک برای شروع و پایان ارتباط با اشیاء برانگیخته میشود، اگر کودک تمایل به انجام بازی نیست والدین یا … در نقش یک همسال به بازی با وسایل یا فعالیتی خاص میپردازد تا توجه کودک جلب شود، درمانگر مثلا میتواند با دستهایش دور او را محاصره کند و با خندیدن او را تحریک به فرار از میان دستان او کند و وقتی فرار میکند او را دنبال کرده و میگیرد، همچنین درمانگر با در آوردن صدای اشیائی مثل ماشین یا توصیف رفتار خود و کودک، او را به برقراری ارتباط کلامی و تقلید از والدین یا درمانگر برانگیخته میکند و در صورت بروز رفتار کلیشهای این رفتار گاهی تقلید و گاهی شکل داده میشود. ضمن این که در مدل رشدی نیز مانند مدل رفتاری، علائق و تفاوتهای فردی در نظر گرفته شود. مدل رشدی معتقد است وقتی کودک با اشیا و وسایل مختلف ارتباطی را شروع و پایان میدهد بهتر برای یاد گرفتن مهارتهای ارتباطی با انسانها آماده میشود. در مدل رشدی امیدواری و شاد بودن والدین از تلاش خود، لبخند زدن کودک، لذت بردن او از لحظات و همچنین روحیه دادن به کودک با استفاده از کلماتی که بار هیجانی مثبت دارد یا استفاده از زبان بدن از جمله مولفه های مهم است ضمن اینکه فعالیت اشتراکی، توجه اشتراکی، انعطاف پذیر کردن علایق کودک نیر مهم تلقی میشود.
Rogers, Sally J. Dawson, Geraldine. (۲۰۱۲). An Early Start for Your Child with Autism :Using Everyday Activities to Help Kids Connect, Communicate, and Learn. Guilford press, New york, London.
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