آموزش برخاستن هنگام ورود بزرگترها به کلاس در کودکان اوتیسم
تدریس به دانش آموزان دارای اوتیسم، از ظرافتها و پیچیدگیهای خاصی برخورداراست و ضمن تلاش و حوصله فراوان، نیازمند ذهنی خلاق و چشمانی تیزبین است تا راه پیشرفت و برقراری ارتباط برای بروز استعدادهای این کودکان فراهم شود.
اوتیسم یک طیف خفیف تا شدید است که این افراد بر اساس طیفشان، نیازمند حمایت در سطوح مختلف هستند. تعدادی از این بچهها در سطوح خفیف و برخی در سطوح متوسط، در قالب طرح تلفیقی به سمت مدارس دولتی هدایت میشوند و در کنار دانش آموزان عادی تحصیل میکنند که این موضوع باعث میشود بتوانند آمادگی لازم را برای ورود به جامعه کسب کنند. البته در این میان توانمندسازی معلمان مدارس عادی در نحوه برخورد، رفتار و آموزش با این دانش آموزان بسیار مهم و حیاتی است؛ چراکه برخورد نامناسب میتواند سبب دلسرد شدن این دانش آموزان از مدارس شود.
اگر دانش آموزی دارای اختلال و ویژگی خاصی باشد که امکان حضورش در مدارس عادی فراهم نباشد، به سمت مدارس استثنایی ارجاع میشود،البته گاهی نیز به دلیل ناآگاهی نسبت به این بیماری، والدین سایر همکلاسیهای این کودکان نسبت به حضور آنها در مدرسه شکایت کرده و از مدیر مدرسه میخواهند دانش آموز دارای اختلال اوتیسم را از مدرسه عادی بیرون کند که این موضوع نیازمند آموزش و فرهنگسازی مناسب است.
دغدغه دیگرمان نوع سنجش پزشکی دانش آموزان در بدو ورود به مدارس است. در این زمینه نیز باید آموزشهای لازم به افراد داده شود. گاهی پیش میآید که کودک دارای اختلال اوتیسم از توانایی مناسبی برخوردار است، اما دچار استرس شده و به کلی تمامی آموزشهایی که فراگرفته را از یاد میبرد؛ به همین دلیل سنجش پزشکی این دانش آموزان باید با سایرین متفاوت باشد.
این استرس به دلیل حضور در محیط جدید برای این کودکان به وجود میآید. البته این استرس تنها به سنجش پزشکی منتهی نشده و ممکن است در ماههای ابتدایی سال تحصیلی نیز گریبان گیر این کودکان باشد.
با اشاره به نقش آسیب زننده استرس در کودکان طیف اوتیسم،گاهی حتی به خاطر وجود استرس، پایهایترین موضوعات مانند کنترل ادرار را فراموش میکنند و همین امر آنهارا از دستیابی به برخی موقعیتها باز میدارد.
برای آیتم مورد نظر مفاهیمی را کودک اتیسم باید قبل از رود به مدرسه یاد بگیرد و آموزش مداوم و منظم داشته باشد تا تثبیت شود .
آیتم های که کودک اتیسم باید قبل از سن ورد به مدرسه آموزش ببیند از این قرار است.
*کودک باید یاد بگیرد روی صندلی بنشیند و آستانه تحمل کودک نسبت به نشستن و تحمل میز و صندلی و فضای محیط بالارود.
*شناخت افراد :بخوبی افراد رابشناسد و آنها را به نام یا فامیل تشخیص دهد. *ارتباط اجتماعی با دیگران برقرار کند (با نام یا فامیل سلام و احوال پرسی کند) *مفهوم دوره های سنی را یاد بگیرد به طور مرحله به مرحله:مفهوم کودک،جوان،سالمند را یاد بگیرد.
*مفهوم پایه را بداند (باز ،بسته ،پر،خالی) *مفهوم فعل ها رابداند:پاشو،بیا،بشین،بردار،

برای آیتم مورد نظر علاوه بر موارد مورد نیازی که در آموزش به آن اشاره شد درمحیط آموزشی یا خانه باید محیطی را ماننده مدرسه ایجاد کنیم و از کودک بخواهیم در آن فضا قرار بگیرد،تا قبل از مورد به مدرسه با محیط مدرسه و کارهای که باید و نباید انجام دهد آشنا شود.
برای ایتم ( برخاستن هنگام ورود بزرگترها)
باید فضای کلاس را برای کودک صحنه سازی کنیم،روی صندلی بنشینیم کنار کودک و بعد با آمدن بزرگتر به کلاس دست کودک را بگیریم و با کودک بلند شویم توجه داشته باشید که مفهوم سن و دوره های سنی مثل کودک،جوان،پیر راقبلا باید اموزش دیده باشد و کودک بداند کسی که وارد کلاس شده بزرگتر است.(درمقدمه به این موضوع اشاره کردم)
چندین بار باامدن یک بزرگتر دست او را بگیریم و برایش توضیح دهیم او جوان یا پیر است،پس باید بلند شویم.
اگر کودک کلام دارد برایش توضیح دهیم و مثلا بگویم این خانم یا اقا یا کودک یا مسن است ،پاسخ دهد مثلا جوان پس ما بلند میشویم .
اگر کودک کلام نداشت باید دست او را بگیریم و هنگامی که فرد وارد کلاس میشود با کودک از جای خود بلند شویم این کار را در مدت زمان پیوسته و منظم انجام دهیم تا برای کودک تثبیت شود.
از تجربیاتی که این چند سال کار با این کودکان متوجه شدم این است که تمرینات حتما باید هرروز تکرار شود تا ملکه ذهن کودک اتیسم شود.
نوشته شده زیر نظر: خانم کاظمی
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